Pandas & Numpy Tutorials

Pandas is a popular Python library used to manipulate tabular data. It provides a versatile dataframe object that can read data from many popular formats, such as Excel, SQL, CSV and more. It provides an incredibly helpful methods to both reshape your data and analyze your data in different ways.

Featured Pandas Articles

Python Pivot Tables – The Ultimate Guide – Learn everything you need to know about Pandas pivot tables in this in-depth guide, covering off the versatile function. You’ll learn how to work with multi-index pivot tables and creating your own custom functions to analyze data with.

Exploring the Pandas Style API – Learn how to style your Pandas Dataframe in different ways, both using colour and value formatting to better illustrate the importance of what you’re presenting. The Pandas style API provides you with many different tools that makes working with styling tabular data much easier.

Pandas Tutorials

• Count Unique Values in Pandas
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Pandas to count unique values. You’ll learn how to count unique values in a column, in multiple columns, and in an entire DataFrame. Being able to count unique values can have important use cases. For example, this can be used in testing your code. Similarly, it can… Read More »Count Unique Values in Pandas
• Show All Columns and Rows in a Pandas DataFrame
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to change your display options in Pandas to display all columns, as well as all rows in your DataFrame. By default, Pandas will limit the number of columns and rows to display. While this can be helpful in terms of being able to read content, it can often lead… Read More »Show All Columns and Rows in a Pandas DataFrame
• How to Calculate the Median Absolute Deviation in Python
  The median absolute deviation (MAD), is a robust statistic of variability that measures the spread of a dataset. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python to calculate the median absolute deviation. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned: What the Median Absolute Deviation is and how to interpret it How to… Read More »How to Calculate the Median Absolute Deviation in Python
• np.argmax(): How to Use NumPy Argmax
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the NumPy argmax() function to find the index of the largest value in an array. The np.argmax() function can be used to find the maximum value across an array, as well as across axes of different dimensions. The function can often be confusing, though this tutorial should… Read More »np.argmax(): How to Use NumPy Argmax
• Pandas to_excel: Writing DataFrames to Excel Files
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to save your Pandas DataFrame or DataFrames to Excel files. Being able to save data to this ubiquitous data format is an important skill in many organizations. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to save a simple DataFrame to Excel, but also how to customize your options to create… Read More »Pandas to_excel: Writing DataFrames to Excel Files
• Python Nested Dictionary: Complete Guide
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn about Python nested dictionaries – dictionaries that are the values of another dictionary. You’ll learn how to create nested dictionaries, access their elements, modify them and more. You’ll also learn how to work with nested dictionaries to convert them to a Pandas DataFrame. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll… Read More »Python Nested Dictionary: Complete Guide
• How to Use Pandas to Read Excel Files in Python
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python and Pandas to read Excel files using the Pandas read_excel function. Excel files are everywhere – and while they may not be the ideal data type for many data scientists, knowing how to work with them is an essential skill. By the end of this tutorial,… Read More »How to Use Pandas to Read Excel Files in Python
• Convert a List of Dictionaries to a Pandas DataFrame
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to convert a list of Python dictionaries into a Pandas DataFrame. Pandas provides a number of different ways in which to convert dictionaries into a DataFrame. You’ll learn how to use the Pandas from_dict method, the DataFrame constructor, and the json_normalize function. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll… Read More »Convert a List of Dictionaries to a Pandas DataFrame
• How to Add / Insert a Row into a Pandas DataFrame
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to add (or insert) a row into a Pandas DataFrame. You’ll learn how to add a single row, multiple rows, and at specific positions. You’ll also learn how to add a row using a list, a Series, and a dictionary. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned:… Read More »How to Add / Insert a Row into a Pandas DataFrame
• Pandas Scatter Plot: How to Make a Scatter Plot in Pandas
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Pandas to make a scatter plot. Under the hood, Pandas uses Matplotlib, which can make customizing your plot a familiar experience. Pandas allows you to customize your scatter plot by changing colors, adding titles, and more. In more recent versions, Pandas included the ability to use different… Read More »Pandas Scatter Plot: How to Make a Scatter Plot in Pandas
• Pandas to_datetime: Convert a Pandas String Column to Date Time
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the Pandas to_datetime function to convert a Pandas column to date time. Pandas provides a huge number of methods and functions that make working with dates incredibly versatile. However, data aren’t always read correctly. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned: How to use the… Read More »Pandas to_datetime: Convert a Pandas String Column to Date Time
• K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Algorithm in Python
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how all you need to know about the K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm and how it works using Scikit-Learn in Python. The K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm in this tutorial will focus on classification problems, though many of the principles will work for regression as well. The tutorial assumes no prior knowledge of the… Read More »K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Algorithm in Python
• Splitting Your Dataset with Scitkit-Learn train_test_split
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to split your Python dataset using Scikit-Learn’s train_test_split function. You’ll gain a strong understanding of the importance of splitting your data for machine learning to avoid underfitting or overfitting your models. You’ll also learn how the function is applied in many machine learning applications. Being able to split your… Read More »Splitting Your Dataset with Scitkit-Learn train_test_split
• Introduction to Random Forests in Scikit-Learn (sklearn)
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn what random forests in Scikit-Learn are and how they can be used to classify data. Decision trees can be incredibly helpful and intuitive ways to classify data. However, they can also be prone to overfitting, resulting in performance on new data. One easy way in which to reduce overfitting is… Read More »Introduction to Random Forests in Scikit-Learn (sklearn)
• Introduction to Pandas for Data Science
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to dive into the wonderful world of Pandas. Pandas is a Python package that provides fast and flexible data structures used for data manipulation and analysis. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned how to: Install pandas for Python using pip or conda Understand the pandas series… Read More »Introduction to Pandas for Data Science
• Indexing, Selecting, and Assigning Data in Pandas
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to index, select and assign data in a Pandas DataFrame. Understanding how to index and select data is an important first step in almost any exploratory work you’ll take on in data science. Similarly, knowing how to assign values in Pandas can open up a whole new world potential… Read More »Indexing, Selecting, and Assigning Data in Pandas
• Summarizing and Analyzing a Pandas DataFrame
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to quickly summarize and analyze a Pandas DataFrame. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned to take on some exploratory analysis of your dataset using pandas. You’ll learn how to calculate general attributes of your dataset, such as measures of central tendency or measures of dispersion. You’ll… Read More »Summarizing and Analyzing a Pandas DataFrame
• Transforming Pandas Columns with map and apply
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to transform your Pandas DataFrame columns using vectorized functions and custom functions using the map and apply methods. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have a strong understanding of how Pandas applies vectorized functions and how these are optimized for performance. You’ll also learn how to use custom… Read More »Transforming Pandas Columns with map and apply
• Binning Data in Pandas with cut and qcut
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to bin data in Python with the Pandas cut and qcut functions. You’ll learn why binning is a useful skill in Pandas and how you can use it to better group and distill information. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned: How to use the cut and… Read More »Binning Data in Pandas with cut and qcut
• DateTime in Pandas and Python
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to work with dates, times, and DateTime in Pandas and Python. Working with DateTime in Python and Pandas can be a complicated thing. This guide aims to make the complicated, simple, by focusing on what you need to know to get started and to know enough to discover more… Read More »DateTime in Pandas and Python
• Plotting in Python with Matplotlib
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to get started with plotting in Python with the matplotlib library. You’ll learn how the matplotlib library works and gain an understanding of its “anatomy”. You’ll learn how to plot and customize some simple graphs and how to use the matplotlib library with Pandas. Finally, you’ll learn how to… Read More »Plotting in Python with Matplotlib
• Data Cleaning and Preparation in Pandas and Python
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to clean and prepare data in a Pandas DataFrame. You’ll learn how to work with missing data, how to work with duplicate data, and dealing with messy string data. Being able to effectively clean and prepare a dataset is an important skill. Many data scientists estimate that they spend… Read More »Data Cleaning and Preparation in Pandas and Python
• Pandas GroupBy: Group, Summarize, and Aggregate Data in Python
  The Pandas groupby method is an incredibly powerful tool to help you gain effective and impactful insight into your dataset. In just a few, easy to understand lines of code, you can aggregate your data in incredibly straightforward and powerful ways. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned how the Pandas .groupby() method… Read More »Pandas GroupBy: Group, Summarize, and Aggregate Data in Python
• Pandas Datetime to Date Parts (Month, Year, etc.)
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Pandas to extract date parts from a datetime column, such as to date, year, and month. Pandas provides a number of easy ways to extract parts from a datetime object, including using the .dt accessor. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned how the dt… Read More »Pandas Datetime to Date Parts (Month, Year, etc.)
• Calculate the Pearson Correlation Coefficient in Python
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to calculate the Pearson Correlation Coefficient in Python. The tutorial will cover a brief recap of what the Pearson correlation coefficient is, how to calculate it with SciPy and how to calculate it for a Pandas Dataframe. Being able to understand the correlation between different variables is a key… Read More »Calculate the Pearson Correlation Coefficient in Python
• Pandas: Get the Row Number from a Dataframe
  Learn how to use Pandas to get the row number of rows matching a condition or multiple conditions, and how to count rows matching conditions.
• How to Calculate a Z-Score in Python (4 Ways)
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python to calculate a z-score for an array of numbers. You’ll learn a brief overview of what the z-score represents in statistics and how it’s relevant to machine learning. You’ll then learn how to calculate a z-score from scratch in Python as well as how to use… Read More »How to Calculate a Z-Score in Python (4 Ways)
• Pandas: How to Drop a Dataframe Index Column
  Learn how to use Pandas to drop a dataframe index column using the reset_index and set_index methods and how to read csv without an index.
• Calculate a Weighted Average in Pandas and Python
  Learn how to use Pandas to calculate the weighted average in Python, using groupby, numpy, and the zip function between two lists.
• How to Shuffle Pandas Dataframe Rows in Python
  Learn how to shuffle a Pandas Dataframe using three different methods, including how to be able to reproduce your shuffle results.
• Python zfill & rjust: Pad a String in Python
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python’s zfill method to pad a string with leadering zeroes. You’ll learn how the method works and how to zero pad a string and a number. You’ll also learn how to use the method in Pandas as well as how to use sign prefixes, such as +… Read More »Python zfill & rjust: Pad a String in Python
• Pandas: Number of Columns (Count Dataframe Columns)
  Learn how to use Python and Pandas to count the number of columns in a dataframe, using counting the number of columns meeting a condition.
• Pandas Sum: Add Dataframe Columns and Rows
  Learn how to use Pandas to calculate a sum, including adding Pandas Dataframe columns and rows, and how to add columns conditionally.
• Pandas Diff: Calculate the Difference Between Pandas Rows
  Learn how to use the Pandas diff method to calculate the difference between dataframe rows and columns, including at defined intervals.
• Normalize a Pandas Column or Dataframe (w/ Pandas or sklearn)
  Learn how to normalize and standardize a Pandas Dataframe with sklearn, including max absolute scaling, min-max scaling and z-scoare scaling.
• Pandas Quantile: Calculate Percentiles of a Dataframe
  Learn how to use the Pandas quantile method to calculate percentiles in Pandas including how to modify the interpolation of values.
• Pandas Rank Function: Rank Dataframe Data (SQL row_number Equivalent)
  Learn how to use the Pandas rank method to rank you data, including how to rank a grouped dataframe using the groupby method.
• Pandas Describe: Descriptive Statistics on Your Dataframe
  Learn how to use the Pandas describe method to generate summary statistics on your Pandas Dataframe, including changing percentiles.
• Python SHA256 Hashing Algorithm: Explained
  Learn how to implement Python SHA256 using the hashlib module, including working with unicode strings, files, and Pandas Dataframes.
• Pandas Shift: Shift a Dataframe Column Up or Down
  Learn how to use the Python Pandas shift function to move a dataframe’s rows up or down, including working with time series and missing data.
• 7 Ways to Sample Data in Pandas
  Learn how to sample data in Pandas using Python, including how to use the sample function, reproduce results, and weighted samples of data.
• Python Lowercase String with .lower(), .casefold(), and .islower()
  Learn to use Python to lowercase text, using the lower and caseload functions, checking if strings are lower and converting lists to lower.
• Pandas Dataframe to CSV File – Export Using .to_csv()
  Use Python and Pandas to export a dataframe to a CSV file, using .to_csv, including changing separators, encoding, and missing values.
• Pandas: Iterate over a Pandas Dataframe Rows
  Learn how to use Python and Pandas to iterate over rows of a dataframe, why vectorization is better, and how to use iterrows and itertuples.
• Pandas: Convert Column Values to Strings
  Learn how to use Python and Pandas to convert a dataframe column values to strings, including how to optimize for memory and efficiency.
• Python Absolute Value: Abs() in Python
  Learn how to calculate a Python absolute value using the abs() function, as well as how to calculate in numpy array and a pandas dataframe.
• Pandas Variance: Calculating Variance of a Pandas Dataframe Column
  Learn how to calculate the variance of a variable in Pandas, including how to calculate for a single column, multiple or a whole dataframe.
• Pandas: Create a Dataframe from Lists (5 Ways!)
  Learn how to create a Pandas dataframe from lists, including using lists of lists, the zip() function, and ways to add columns and an index.
• Pandas Rename Index: How to Rename a Pandas Dataframe Index
  Learn how to rename a Pandas index, including a single index or multi-index, as well as how to drop an index name altogether.
• Pandas: Count Unique Values in a GroupBy Object
  Learn how to use Pandas to count unique values in a GroupBy object, allowing you to count distinct values using the popular groupby method.
• Pandas Reset Index: How to Reset a Pandas Index
  Learn how to use the Pandas reset index method to reset an index, including working with a multi-index and dropping the original index.
• Pandas: Add Days to a Date Column
  Learn how to use Pandas to add days to a date column, both constant values and based off another column, using the Pandas timedelta function.
• Pandas Mean: Calculate Pandas Average for One or Multiple Columns
  Learn how to calculate the Pandas mean (or Pandas Average), including how to calculate it on a column, dataframe, and row, and with nulls.
• Python List Difference: Find the Difference between 2 Python Lists
  Learn how to find the Python list difference to find the differences between two lists, including how to find the symmetric list difference.
• Pandas Column to List – Convert a Pandas Series to a List
  Learn how to convert a Pandas column to list with this tutorial. Learn three different ways to accomplish this, all very easy to follow!
• Get Pandas Column Names as a List
  Get Pandas column names as a list using this tutorial! Also learn to sort this list alphabetically and see if a column exists.
• Transpose a Pandas Dataframe
  Learn how to transpose a pandas dataframe, including how to work with mixed datatypes and what their outputs may be.
• Python: Find Average of List or List of Lists
  In this post, you’ll learn how to use Python to find the average of a list or a list of lists, using built-in tools and packages like numpy.
• Python: Split a Pandas Dataframe
  Learn how to split a Pandas dataframe in Python. Split a dataframe by column value, by position, and by random values.
• Get Pandas Column Names as a List
  Learn how to get Pandas columns as a list, a sorted list and how to check if a column exists in a particular dataframe.
• Python: Count Number of Occurrences in a String (4 Ways!)
  Learn how to count the number of occurrences in a string using Python, including the built-in count method and the counter module.
• Convert Python String to Date: Python’s strptime Function
  Learn how to convert a Python string to date using the datetime module’s strptime function. Also learn how to do this to a Pandas dataframe!
• Pandas: Number of Rows in a Dataframe (6 Ways)
  Learn how to count the number of rows in a Pandas Dataframe, including identifying how many rows contain a value or meet a condition.
• Pandas Replace: Replace Values in Pandas Dataframe
  Learn how to use the Pandas replace method to replace values across columns and dataframes, including with regular expressions.
• Create an Empty Pandas Dataframe and Append Data
  In this post, you’ll learn how to create empty pandas dataframes and how to add data to them row-by-row and add rows via a loop.
• Seaborn Boxplot – How to Create Box and Whisker Plots
  Learn how to create a Seaborn boxplot, including how to add styles, titles, axis labels and add grouped boxplots.
• Seaborn Line Plot – Create Lineplots with Seaborn relplot
  Learn how to use the Seaborn line plot andrelplot functions to create beautiful line charts, add titles, customize styles, multiple line charts.
• Seaborn Barplot – Make Bar Charts with sns.barplot
  Learn how to use the Seaborn barplot and countplot functions to create beautiful bar charts, add titles, customize styles, group bar charts.
• Rename Pandas Columns with Pandas .rename()
  Learn the ways in which you can rename Pandas columns, using Pandas .rename() method. Learn how to rename one, all, including automatically.
• Matplotlib Scatter Charts – Learn all you need to know
  Learn how to create Matplotlib scatter charts, including how to customize colours, add titles, change transparency and size of markers.
• Reorder Pandas Columns: Pandas Reindex and Pandas insert
  Learn different ways to reorder Pandas columns, including the Pandas reindex function as well as a custom function.
• Pandas get_dummies (One-Hot Encoding) Explained
  The pandas get dummies function allows you to easily one-hot encode your data sets for use in machine learning algorithms.
• Relative Frequencies and Absolute Frequencies in Python and Pandas
  In this post, you’ll learn how to calculate relative frequencies and absolute frequencies using pure Python, as well as the popular data science library, Pandas. A relative frequency, measures how often a certain value occurs in a dataset, relative to the total number of values in that dataset. An absolute frequency, meanwhile, simply measures how… Read More »Relative Frequencies and Absolute Frequencies in Python and Pandas
• Pandas Fiscal Year – Get Financial Year with Pandas
  Learn how to calculate custom a Pandas fiscal year and how to format these fiscal years in custom ways.
• How to Sort Data in a Pandas DataFrame
  Lean how to sort data in a Pandas dataframe, including how to sort in ascending or descending order, as well as sorting by multiple columns.
• Pandas Value_counts to Count Unique Values
  The Pandas value_counts functioncounts values in a Pandas dataframe. Learn to normalize, include missing values, and combine with groupby.
• Create New Columns in Pandas
  Pandas is one of the quintessential libraries for data science in Python. A useful skill is the ability to create new columns, either by adding your own data or calculating data based on existing data. Video Tutorial Loading Dataset Let’s start off the tutorial by loading the dataset we’ll use throughout the tutorial. We can… Read More »Create New Columns in Pandas
• Pandas Crosstab – Everything You Need to Know
  The Pandas crosstab function is one of the many ways in which Pandas allows you to customize data. On the surface, it appears to be quite similar to the Pandas pivot table function, which I’ve covered extensively here. This post will give you a complete overview of how to best leverage the function. The crosstab… Read More »Pandas Crosstab – Everything You Need to Know
• Calculate a Rolling Average (Mean) in Pandas
  In this post, you’ll learn how to calculate a rolling mean in Pandas using the rolling() function. Rolling averages are also known as moving averages. Creating a rolling average allows you to “smooth” out small fluctuations in datasets, while gaining insight into trends. It’s often used in macroeconomics, such as unemployment, gross domestic product, and… Read More »Calculate a Rolling Average (Mean) in Pandas
• Pandas Fillna – Dealing with Missing Values
  In this post, you’ll learn about the Pandas Fillna function and how to deal with missing values. No dataset is perfect. Learning how to deal with missing values is an important step in retaining useful data. Video Tutorial Loading the Dataset Let’s start the tutorial by loading a dataset. We’ll import pandas and load a… Read More »Pandas Fillna – Dealing with Missing Values
• How to Drop Duplicates in Pandas
  Learn how to drop duplicates in Pandas, including keeping the first or last instance, and dropping duplicates based only on a subset of columns.
• Use Pandas & Python to Extract Tables from Webpages (read_html)
  Learn how to easily scrape data from the web without having to build a complex web scraping script!
• Plotting a Histogram in Python with Matplotlib and Pandas
  Learn what histograms are and how to create them in Python with Matplotlib and Pandas.
• All the Ways to Get Pandas Unique Values
  Pandas provides a lot of different ways to interact with unique values. Learn how to get unique values as a list, get unique values across columns and more!
• All the Ways to Filter Pandas Dataframes
  Learn all the ways in which to filter pandas dataframes in this tutorial, including filtering dates, multiple columns, using the iloc, loc and query functions!
• Unpivot Your Data with the Pandas Melt Function
  You can easily unpivot and reshape data you with python by using Pandas and the Melt function! Find out how using this thorough overview!
• Use Pandas to Drop Columns and Rows
  Learn how to use Pandas to drop columns and rows in a dataframe, including how to drop columns or rows based on conditions.
• Selecting Columns in Pandas: Complete Guide
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to select all the different ways you can select columns in Pandas, either by name or index. You’ll learn how to use the loc, iloc accessors and how to select columns directly. You’ll also learn how to select columns conditionally, such as those containing a specific substring. By the end of this tutorial,… Read More »Selecting Columns in Pandas: Complete Guide
• Python Standard Deviation Tutorial: Explanation & Examples
  In Python, Standard Deviation can be calculated in many ways – learn to use Python Statistics, Numpy’s, and Pandas’ standard deviant (std) function.
• Exploring the Pandas Style API
  Explore the how to style Pandas dataframes and make them presentation ready, including how to add conditional formatting and data type labels!
• Pivot Tables in Pandas with Python
  You may be familiar with pivot tables in Excel to generate easy insights into your data. In this post, you’ll learn how to create pivot tables in Python and Pandas using the .pivot_table() method. This post will give you a complete overview of how to use the .pivot_table() function! Being able to quickly summarize data… Read More »Pivot Tables in Pandas with Python
• Using Pandas for Descriptive Statistics in Python
  Learn how to easily generate high-level descriptive statistics on any dataframe using a simple Pandas function!
• Creating Date Ranges with Pandas
  Creating date ranges with Pandas can significantly speed up your workflow when you need to iterate over a number of dates. For example, when we run queries on APIs or databases, we may need to generate a list of dates that can be iterated over. This can be a time-consuming task, but thankfully we can… Read More »Creating Date Ranges with Pandas
• Binning Data in Python with Pandas’ cut()
  In this post, we’ll explore how binning data in Python works with the cut() method in Pandas. In the past, we’ve explored how to use the describe() method to generate some descriptive statistics. In particular, the describe method allows us to see the quarter percentiles of a numerical column. However, as we’re generating insight into… Read More »Binning Data in Python with Pandas’ cut()
• VLOOKUP in Python and Pandas using .map() or .merge()
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python and Pandas to VLOOKUP data in a Pandas DataFrame. VLOOKUPs are common functions in Excel that allow you to map data from one table to another. In many cases, this can be used to lookup data from a reference table, such as mapping in, say, a… Read More »VLOOKUP in Python and Pandas using .map() or .merge()

Numpy Tutorials

Numpy is an incredible library used to work with arrays and matrices to calculate linear algebra problems and many other applications. The library provides list-like numpy arrays, which can be up to 50 times faster than Python lists. The library provides the basis for many other libraries.

• NumPy Stack: Join NumPy Arrays Along Different Axes
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the NumPy stack() function to join NumPy arrays along various axes. NumPy is an essential Python library for anyone working with data in Python. The NumPy stack() function allows you to combine NumPy arrays in different ways, along NumPy axes. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll… Read More »NumPy Stack: Join NumPy Arrays Along Different Axes
• NumPy Squeeze: Removing Dimensionality from NumPy Arrays
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the NumPy squeeze() function. The np.squeeze() function allows you to remove single-dimensional entries from an array’s shape. This allows you to better transform arrays that aren’t shaped in the way that makes sense for the work that you’re doing. In short, the function returns the input array… Read More »NumPy Squeeze: Removing Dimensionality from NumPy Arrays
• How to Normalize NumPy Arrays
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how normalize NumPy arrays, including multi-dimensional arrays. Normalization is an important skill for any data analyst or data scientist. Normalizing a vector means that its vector magnitude is equal to 1, as a unit vector. This is an important and common preprocessing step that is used commonly in machine learning.… Read More »How to Normalize NumPy Arrays
• NumPy Repeat Function: Repeating NumPy Arrays
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the NumPy repeat() function. The np.repeat() function is used to repeat arrays and provides significant opportunity to customize how the arrays are repeated. Being able to work with NumPy arrays is an important skill for data analysis, data science, and deep learning. By the end of this… Read More »NumPy Repeat Function: Repeating NumPy Arrays
• NumPy Exponential: Using the NumPy.exp() Function
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the NumPy exponential function, np.exp(). The function raises the Euler’s constant, e, to a given power. Because Euler’s constant has many practical applications in science, math, and deep learning, being able to work with this function in meaningful ways is an asset for any Python user! By… Read More »NumPy Exponential: Using the NumPy.exp() Function
• Difference Between Array and List in Python
  In this post, you’ll learn the difference between arrays and lists in Python. Both these data structures let you store data in Python and share many similar properties. However, they also let you do quite different things and knowing when to use which can make you a much stronger programmer! In particular, you’ll learn how… Read More »Difference Between Array and List in Python
• Implementing the Sigmoid Function in Python
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to implement the sigmoid activation function in Python. Because the sigmoid function is an activation function in neural networks, it’s important to understand how to implement it in Python. You’ll also learn some of the key attributes of the sigmoid function and why it’s such a useful function in… Read More »Implementing the Sigmoid Function in Python
• NumPy Pad: Using np.pad() to Pad Arrays and Matrices
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the powerful NumPy pad function to pad arrays and matrices in NumPy and Python. The function is a powerful method that is often used in deep learning, especially in developing convolutional neural networks. Being able to master this function will allow you to build powerful deep learning… Read More »NumPy Pad: Using np.pad() to Pad Arrays and Matrices
• NumPy where: Process Array Elements Conditionally
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the NumPy where() function to process or return elements based on a single condition or multiple conditions. The np.where() function is one of the most powerful functions available within NumPy. The function allows you to both return indices where a condition is met, or process array items… Read More »NumPy where: Process Array Elements Conditionally
• np.argmax(): How to Use NumPy Argmax
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the NumPy argmax() function to find the index of the largest value in an array. The np.argmax() function can be used to find the maximum value across an array, as well as across axes of different dimensions. The function can often be confusing, though this tutorial should… Read More »np.argmax(): How to Use NumPy Argmax
• NumPy linspace: Creating Evenly Spaced Arrays with np.linspace
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the NumPy linspace function to create arrays of evenly spaced numbers. This can be incredibly helpful when you’re working with numerical applications. The NumPy linspace function allows you to create evenly spaced ranges of numbers and to customize these arrays using a wide assortment of parameters. By… Read More »NumPy linspace: Creating Evenly Spaced Arrays with np.linspace
• NumPy logspace: Understanding the np.logspace() Function
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the NumPy logspace function and how to use its different parameters. The np.logspace() function is used to return numbers that are evenly spaced on a log scale. The function allows you to specify many different attributes, including modifying the base of the log scale you want to… Read More »NumPy logspace: Understanding the np.logspace() Function
• NumPy Tile to Arrange Arrays
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the NumPy tile function to arrange arrays using Python. The NumPy tile() function takes an array as an input and creates a new array by repeating the input array in different ways. Being able to work with and manipulate NumPy arrays is an important skill for data… Read More »NumPy Tile to Arrange Arrays
• Different Ways to Concatenate NumPy Arrays in Python
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to concatenate NumPy arrays in Python. Knowing how to work with NumPy arrays is an important skill as you progress in data science in Python. Because NumPy arrays can be 1-dimensional or 2-dimensional, it’s important to understand the many different ways in which to join NumPy arrays. By the… Read More »Different Ways to Concatenate NumPy Arrays in Python
• NumPy Zeros: Create Zero Arrays and Matrix in NumPy
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to generate a zero matrix using the NumPy zeros function. Zero arrays and matrices have special purposes in machine learning. Being able to create them efficiently will allow you to become more capable in linear algebra and machine learning. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned: Why… Read More »NumPy Zeros: Create Zero Arrays and Matrix in NumPy
• Python: Find List Index of All Occurences of an Element
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python to find the list index of all occurrences of an element. In many cases, Python makes it simple to find the first index of an element in a list. However, because Python lists can contain duplicate items, it can be helpful to find all of the… Read More »Python: Find List Index of All Occurences of an Element
• Using Pi in Python (NumPy and Math)
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to get and use the value of pi in Python. We’ll explore a number of different ways in which you can get and store the value of pi in Python. First, we’ll look at the math library, followed by the NumPy library. We’ll explore why you may want to… Read More »Using Pi in Python (NumPy and Math)
• How to Calculate Mean Absolute Error (MAE) in Python
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to calculate the mean absolute error, or MAE, in Python. The mean absolute error can help measure the accuracy of a given machine learning model. The MAE can be a good complement or alternative to the mean squared error (MSE). By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned: What… Read More »How to Calculate Mean Absolute Error (MAE) in Python
• How to Calculate MAPE in Python
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python to calculate the MAPE, or the mean absolute percentage error. This error is often used to measure the accuracy of machine learning models. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned: What the Mean Absolute Percentage Error is What a good value for the MAPE… Read More »How to Calculate MAPE in Python
• Numpy Normal (Gaussian) Distribution (Numpy Random Normal)
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the Numpy random.normal function to create normal (or Gaussian) distributions. The functions provides you with tools that allow you create distributions with specific means and standard distributions. Additionally, you can create distributions of different sizes. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned: What the normal… Read More »Numpy Normal (Gaussian) Distribution (Numpy Random Normal)
• NumPy for Data Science in Python
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python’s NumPy library for data science. You’ll learn why the library matters in the realm of data science and how it’s foundational for many other libraries. You’ll learn about the NumPy ndarray data structure and how it works. By the end of the tutorial, you’ll have learned:… Read More »NumPy for Data Science in Python
• Calculate the Pearson Correlation Coefficient in Python
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to calculate the Pearson Correlation Coefficient in Python. The tutorial will cover a brief recap of what the Pearson correlation coefficient is, how to calculate it with SciPy and how to calculate it for a Pandas Dataframe. Being able to understand the correlation between different variables is a key… Read More »Calculate the Pearson Correlation Coefficient in Python
• Python: Multiply Lists (6 Different Ways)
  Learn how to use Python to multiply lists, including multiplying lists by a number and multiplying lists element-wise using numpy.
• How to Calculate a Z-Score in Python (4 Ways)
  In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python to calculate a z-score for an array of numbers. You’ll learn a brief overview of what the z-score represents in statistics and how it’s relevant to machine learning. You’ll then learn how to calculate a z-score from scratch in Python as well as how to use… Read More »How to Calculate a Z-Score in Python (4 Ways)
• Calculate a Weighted Average in Pandas and Python
  Learn how to use Pandas to calculate the weighted average in Python, using groupby, numpy, and the zip function between two lists.
• Python: Get Index of Max Item in List
  Learn how to use Python to get the index of the max item in a list, including when duplicates exist, using for loops, enumerate, and numpy.
• Numpy Dot Product: Calculate the Python Dot Product
  Learn how to use Python and numpy to calculate the dot product, including between arrays of different dimensions and of scalars.
• Python Natural Log: Calculate ln in Python
  Learn how to use Python to calculate the natural logarithm, often referred to as ln, using the math and numpy libraries, and how to plot it.
• Python: Convert Degrees to Radians (and Radians to Degrees)
  Learn how to use Python to convert degrees to radians and radians to degrees, using the math library and the numpy library.
• Python Absolute Value: Abs() in Python
  Learn how to calculate a Python absolute value using the abs() function, as well as how to calculate in numpy array and a pandas dataframe.
• Python: Subtract Two Lists (4 Easy Ways!)
  Learn how to use Python to subtract two lists, using the numpy library, the zip function, for-loops, as well as list comprehensions.
• Python: Transpose a List of Lists (5 Easy Ways!)
  Learn how to use Python to transpose a list of lists using numpy, itertools, for loops, and list comprehensions in this tutorial!
• Python Standard Deviation Tutorial: Explanation & Examples
  In Python, Standard Deviation can be calculated in many ways – learn to use Python Statistics, Numpy’s, and Pandas’ standard deviant (std) function.